Methodology & Energy Data Sources
Thermodynamic Equations & Financial Modeling Standards (2026 Edition)
1. Heat Pump Efficiency (SCOP) Formulas
Heat pump energy consumption is calculated using Seasonal Coefficient of Performance (SCOP) under EN 14825 European standards:
Annual Heat Pump Electricity (kWh) = Annual Thermal Heating Demand (kWh) ÷ SCOP
- Air-to-Water Heat Pump (Ilmavesilämpöpumppu / Luft-Wasser): Default SCOP 3.5 (Nordic/Alpine climate weighted).
- Air-to-Air Heat Pump (Ilmalämpöpumppu / Luft-Luft): Default SCOP 3.8.
- Geothermal Ground-Source (Maalämpö / Erdwärme): Default SCOP 4.5 (based on +4°C stable ground loop temperatures).
2. Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Yield Modeling
Solar PV generation curves utilize regional irradiance benchmarks derived from the European Commission’s PVGIS (Photovoltaic Geographic Information System):
- Finland (Nordic Yield): Benchmark 850 kWh / kWp per year (35° south-facing tilt).
- Austria (Alpine Yield): Benchmark 1,050 kWh / kWp per year.
- Self-Consumption Ratio: Base ratio of 35% without storage, increasing up to **80%** when paired with a 5–10 kWh battery storage unit.
3. Financial Compounding & Inflation Rate
To accurately reflect 25-year returns, cumulative savings are compounded annually assuming a baseline **3.5% energy price inflation rate**:
Cumulative Net Savings (Year N) = Σ [ Annual Savings × (1 + 0.035)^(N-1) ] - Net Initial Investment
4. Data Sources & Regulatory References
- Finland Electricity Tariffs & Subsidies: Energy Authority (Energiavirasto), Motiva Oy, and ELY-keskus 2026 grant guidelines.
- Austria Electricity Tariffs & Subsidies: E-Control Austria, Klimaaktiv, and Umweltförderung "Raus aus Öl und Gas" 2026 framework.
- CO2 Grid Factors: Finnish Grid (Fingrid) ~65g CO2/kWh; Austrian Grid (APG) ~90g CO2/kWh.